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Hohe Konzentrationen von Strontium im Grundwasser bei Fukushima gefunden

20. Juni 2013

Ein Artikel von Hiroko Tabuchi, der am 18. Juni in der New York Times erschienen ist (Hohe Konzentrationen anradioaktivem Strontium im Grundwasser bei der Anlage von Fukushima gefunden) weist darauf hin, dass TEPCO im Grundwasser auf der Anlage des Atomkraftwerks Fukushima Daiichi 90Strontium und Tritium – weit über den zulässigen Werten – gefunden hat:

Foto von Asahi Shimbun
Foto von Asahi Shimbun

“”TEPCO, die Betreiberfirma des havarierten Atomkraftwerks Fukushima, teilte am Mittwoch mit, dass bei der Anlage hohe Werte von radioaktivem 90Strontium im Grundwasser gefunden wurden, was die Befürchtung nährt, dass aus den Tanks kontaminiertes Wasser ausfließt, möglicherweise sogar in den Ozean. Der Betreiber teilte mit, dass die gemessenen Werte an 90Strontium im Grundwasser nahe Reaktor Nr. 2, in dem es seit 2011 eine Kernschmelze gibt, dreißig Mal höher sind als die in Japan zulässigen Grenzwerte.

Das Unternehmen hat auf der Anlage mit ständig wachsenden Mengen von kontaminiertem Abwasser zu kämpfen, aber bislang geleugnet, dass das Grundwasser auf der Anlage hoch toxisch ist. Wird 90Strontium in den Körper aufgenommen, lagert es sich in den Knochen ein, von wo es Strahlen aussendet, die mit der Zeit Krebs verursachen können.“

 

Nuklearexperte Dr. Gordon Edwards, Präsident der Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, beschreibt im Folgenden die Auswirkungen der Belastungen durch Tritium und 90Strontium.

 

Über Strahlung

Während der Fukushima Dai-ichi Katastrophe im März 2011 wurden hunderte verschiedene Arten von radioaktiven Materialien an die Umwelt abgegeben.

Wie alles Materielle bestehen radioaktive Substanzen aus Atomen. Allerdings sind die Atome einer radioaktiven Substanz instabil, anders als die Atome der meisten Substanzen, die uns alltäglich umgeben und die stabil sind.

Instabile Atome sind besonders gefährlich.

Stabile Atome verändern sich nicht. Sie bleiben für immer dieselben. Ein radioaktives Atome hingegen zerfällt spontan und heftig, wobei eine Salve von subatomaren Bruchstücken ausgesendet wird, die als „atomare Strahlung“ bezeichnet wird.

Die Einheit für Radioaktivität ist „1 Becquerel“ – was so viel heißt wie:1 radioaktives Atom  pro Sekunde zerfällt. 1000 Becquerel bedeutet, dass 1000 Zerfälle pro Sekunde stattfinden oder mehr als 3,5 Millionen Zerfälle pro Stunde.

Lebende Zellen werden von den Treffern durch die subatomaren „Projektile“, die von den zerfallenden Atomen ausgesendet werden, verletzt oder getötet; diese „Projektile“ können einer von drei Arten angehören, die als Alpha-, Beta- oder Gammastrahlung bezeichnet werden.

Gammastrahlen sind wie Röntgenstrahlen, nur stärker. Sie können einen menschlichen Körper durchdringen. Betastrahlen sind etwas ganz Anderes – sie sind keine Strahlen, sondern elektrisch geladene Teilchen, und sie können nur ein paar Millimeter weit in das weiche Gewebe eindringen.

Alphastrahlung besteht ebenfalls aus elektrisch geladenen Partikeln, ist aber viel massiver als Betastrahlung, besitzt allerdings weniger Durchschlagskraft als letztere.

Jedes Alpha-Teilchen ist ungefähr 7000 mal schwerer als ein Beta-Teilchen. Alphapartikel können von einem Blatt Papier oder von der abgestorbenen äußeren Hautschicht der Hand abgehalten werden .

Was sind also die Gefahren der Radioaktivität?

 

 

Gordon Edwards
Gordon Edwards

Über die Gefahren von Radioaktivität

Außerhalb des Körpers kommt die größte Gefahr von den durchschlags-kräftigen Gamma-Strahlen. Externe Gamma-Strahlen bewirken eine „Ganzkörperbestrahlung“, wobei einige Teile des Körpers den Hauptanteil abbekommen – die Hände, die Füße, die Keimdrüsen …

Gelangt jedoch radioaktives Material in den Körper, weil jemand, ohne es zu ahnen, kontaminierte Luft eingeatmet oder kontaminiertes Wasser getrunken oder kontaminierte Nahrung zu sich genommen hat, dann zerfallen diese radioaktiven Atome im Körperinneren. Solche eingeatmeten oder mit der Nahrung aufgenommenen radioaktiven Substanzen werden als „interne Strahlenquellen“ bezeichnet, weil die Gamma-Strahlen und die Beta- und Alpha-Partikel im Körperinneren abgegeben werden, wobei sie die Zellen direkt von Innen her zerstören können. Hin und wieder können sich solche geschädigten Zellen viele Jahre später in Krebsgeschwüre verwandeln. Wenn Keimzellen zerstört werden, kann das eine schädliche Wirkung bei Kindern oder Kindeskindern haben.

Sorgfältige Forschungen über Jahrzehnte haben nachgewiesen, dass interne Alpha-Strahlen biologisch etwa 20 mal schädlicher sind als interne Beta- oder Gamma-Strahlen pro Energieeinheit. Anders gesagt, eine bestimmte interne Alpha-Strahlung wird bei einer bestimmten Bevölkerungsgruppe 20 mal mehr Krebsfälle oder Gendefekte hervorbringen als eine vergleichbare interne Beta- oder Gamma-Bestrahlung bei einer vergleichbaren Bevölkerung. (Dieser Faktor wird als „Relative Biologische Wirksamkeit“ oder RBW bezeichnet.)

Untersuchungen haben weiters gezeigt, dass in vielen Fällen interne Beta-Bestrahlung schädlicher ist als Gamma-Bestrahlung bei vergleichbarer Energie. In solchen Fällen kann der RBW 2 oder 3 mal höher liegen, was bedeutet, dass Beta-Partikel – biologisch gesehen – 2 bis 3 mal schädlicher als Gamma-Strahlen sind.

 

Was machen Tritium und 90Strontium?

Tritium (der Name steht für radioaktiven Wasserstoff) und 90Strontium, die beide im Folgenden be­sprochen werden, sind radioaktive Substanzen, die Beta-Strahlen aussenden. Sie geben fast keine Gamma-Strahlen ab, deshalb sind sie in erster Linie eine  Bedrohung, wenn sie in den Körper auf­genommen wurden. Weil Wasser für alles Leben unabdingbar ist, werden Tritium und 90Strontium mit dem kontaminierten Wasser von allen Lebewesen, die dieses trinken, aufgenommen.

90Strontium ist dem Kalcium chemisch ähnlich, das sehr wichtig für die Knochen- und Zahnbildung und der Hauptnährstoff in der Milch ist. Wenn also 90Strontium aufgenommen wird, speichert es der Körper hauptsächlich in den Knochen, den Zähnen – und in der Muttermilch, wo es beim Stillen direkt in den Säugling übergeht. Weil 90Strontium eine Halbwertszeit von rund 30 Jahren hat (das ist die Zeit, in der die Hälfte der radioaktiven Atome zerfällt), ist es leicht zu verstehen, dass die Betastrahlen über Jahrzehnte die Knochen und das Knochenmark der kontaminierten Person – Erwachsener oder Kind – belasten. Diese unablässige radioaktive Belastung erhöht das Risiko, an Knochenkrebs und Leukämie (Blutkrebs) zu erkranken.

Die Sache wird noch schlimmer, wenn ein 90Strontium-Atom zerfällt, weil es sich in 90Yttrium verwandelt – eine ebenfalls Betastrahlen aussendende radioaktive Substanz. 90Yttrium besitzt chemisch keine Ähnlichkeit mit Calcium und deshalb schickt es der Körper in andere Organe, einschließlich der Keimdrüsen, wo es Erbschäden verursachen kann.

Tritium ist chemisch ident mit normalem Wasserstoff – nur dass es radioaktiv ist. Weil Wasserstoff ein grundlegender Baustein in allen organischen Molekülen ist – einschließlich der DNA-Molekü­le –, wird ein Teil des vom Menschen aufgenommenen radioaktiven Tritiums „organisch gebun­den“, und zwar als Teil größerer organischer Moleküle. Über die medizinischen Langzeiteffekte an­dauernder Tritium-Belastung besteht bis heute noch keine Klarheit – und deswegen sind diese Auswirkungen noch immer der Ausgangspunkt für bedeutende wissenschaftliche Auseinanderset­zungen.

Die Ungewissheit bezüglich der Gefahr, die von Tritium ausgeht, wird von der heftigen Debatte über die „zulässige“ Konzentration von Tritium im Trinkwasser unterstrichen. In einem Artikel der Japan Times wird beschrieben, dass das kontaminierte Grundwasser eine Tritium-Konzentration [500.000 Becquerel pro Liter] besitzt, die 8,3 mal über der „Norm“ liegt [in Japan bei 60.000 Becquerel pro Liter]. Andererseits liegt in Kanada die „Norm“ für Tritium im Trinkwasser bei 7.000 Becquerel pro Liter und das neueste Gutachten des Ontario Drinking Water Advisory Committee (ODWAC – Beratender Trinkwasser-Ausschuss von Ontario) spricht wissenschaftlich fundiert davon, dass diese „Norm“ drastisch auf nur noch 20 Becquerel pro Liter gesenkt werden sollte.

Die Tritium-Menge im Grundwasser von Fukushima ist 8,3 mal höher als der japanische Standard – gleichzeitig ist diese Konzentration mehr als 70 mal höher als der gültige kanadische Grenzwert und 25.000 mal höher als jener Wert, die von Ontarios Trinkwasser-Ausschuss (ODWAC) vorgeschlagen wurde.

Eine der bemerkenswertesten Eigenschaften der radioaktiven Strahlen-Normen ist, dass sie abseits von jedem Standard liegen. Der Grund dafür ist ganz einfach: Alle diese Normen sind willkürlich, weil es so etwas wie ein sicheres Maß an radioaktiver Strahlenbelastung nicht gibt.

Und man sollte nicht vergessen, dass es Dutzende solcher radioaktiven Stoffe im kontaminierten Wasser von Fukushima gibt, die meisten davon Beta- und Alphastrahler, die von TEPCO oder der japanische Regierung nicht einmal erwähnt werden.

 

—

Originalquelle: http://akiomatsumura.com/2013/06/nyt-high-levels-of-strontium-found-in-groundwater-near-fukushima-plant.html

Übersetzung und Lektorat: www.afaz.at (lg,ho)

 

Dieses Schriftstücks steht unter GFDL, siehe www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.html. Vervielfältigung und Verbrei­tung – auch in geänderter Form – sind jederzeit gestattet, Änderungen müssen mitgeteilt werden (email: afaz@gmx.at). www.afaz.at  Juni 2013 /v1

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    Source: http://frozengames.info/profile/mygerace

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  49. This is a company run by a Scott Whitaker. He is in Granada Hills but claim to be a
    NAtional and Global company. Liars! They will make you pay twice the minimum, charge you 5x more for plus fees.
    Scott Whitaker and company are pure thieves. Scott Whitaker and company know nothing about the websites, IT or SEO industry and you will not be paid.
    People on phone unprofessional with babies crying in the background.

    Do NOT use this company! They are a complete and utter waste
    of money and time!

    ————–

    I had so many issues with Scott Whitaker service that we decided to cancel.
    I called and canceled and was told my account was closed and that a
    manager would call me regarding a refund for the previous month due to my dissatisfaction with the service.
    I was never called back and was charged again the following month.
    I called them back to remove the charge and I was told my account was never canceled in the first
    place. I had them pull up the phone conversation on the date
    I had canceled. They were unable to argue when they heard that yes, indeed I had canceled my account.
    It took them weeks to refund me my money, and when I asked
    to speak to a manager of Scott Whitaker and company I was
    told no one was there and that one would call
    me back. Scott Whitaker and company never did.
    I called back 5 times leaving messages and asking to please speak to a manager regarding
    my experience. No one ever called me back.

    Today I made one last valiant effort to speak with a manager and share my experience.

    I was transferred to the Scott Whitaker and company billing department where
    an employee by the name of Scott Whitaker rudely defended their service and was unable to have any empathy or
    even listen to my experience. Scott Whitaker and company lacked professionalism or any type of customer service skills and should not be
    speaking with clients. She told me that it was not her problem because it was
    another department’s mistake. Scott Whitaker and company stated that some clients
    are going to like their service and some are not.

    Wow what a way to run a business!!!

    I will never use their overpriced and poorly
    run service again and would not suggest it to my worst enemy.

    ————-

    Scott Whitaker and company service is horrible.
    Its too pricey and was hard to get ahold of Scott Whitaker and company.
    Tried calling to cancel, Scott Whitaker and company rep never called me back.

    After getting ahold of Scott Whitaker and company
    they refused to cancel and gave me a free month trying
    to keep me. They didn’t create a site for me and wouldn’t give me a refund because they
    have a “no refund policy” and “30 day cancelation policy”.
    The Scott Whitaker and company customer service is not great at all!
    They definitely need some improvement in this area.
    I requested to have the terms read over the phone
    sent to me via email. They never sent them. I wish I had read all
    these reviews on the company before I signed up.
    Listen to the feedback on these Google reviews! This company is out
    to take advantage of the customer and not in a good way!
    BUYER BEWARE!!!!!

    ——————

    Scott Whitaker and company has the The worst customer service ever!
    I regret signing up with Scott Whitaker and company.
    The reviews here are completely honest. I’ve had 1 person rush to sign me up and after that he was gone.
    They pass me off to someone else who does the job and after that they can’t do all the updates needed.
    Your forced to deal with a digital concierge team …. uuum excuse me but nobody helps.
    My site is still not finished and it’s been 2 months.
    Not to mention they have no issue taking the funds out of your account.
    $150 plus a month and you have your site look like a child
    built it. My clients have been non stop complaining about my site.

    I’ve reached out and receive numerous emails claiming Scott
    Whitaker and company are working on my site and still nothing
    is done. I have lists of emails of exactly what I want and
    my prices are wrong on my page or have no price which
    makes customers think my services are free. I’m embarrassed for my business.
    I’m sending my clients to my site to book and the fonts are terrible.
    Honestly the site I built before this was beautiful and now I’m stuck with
    crap from Scott Whitaker and company!!!

    Where is management when you need them Scott Whitaker and company?
    Do they realize how this is being ran Scott Whitaker and company??

    I’m calling to speak with someone and I get hung up on and
    nobody calls you back. I call and I’m on hold for 15 minutes with the most god
    awful hold music.

    Scott Whitaker and company is a joke and I’m about to close
    my account because I see it as a waste of money I’m beyond furious.

    Customers beware!!!

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